The main principle of Islamic finance is its adherence to interest or riba-free financial transactions, while other principles are: prohibition of fixed return, profit-and-loss sharing and hence risk sharing, participatory financing; prohibition of gharar (uncertainty), speculation and gambling; money not having any inherent value in itself; and also equity-based financing.Within these principles, Islamic financial contracts are designed to facilitate financing according to Islamic norms. The contracts include: murabaha (mark up), mudaraba (venture capital type participatory financing), musharaka (participatory financing), ijarah (leasing), salam (forward financing transaction), istisna (financing for commissioned or pre-ordered production), and sukuk (asset based Islamic bonds). Islamic banks and financial institutions have developed other hybrid financial contracts based on these traditional modes.