The training modules were developed within the framework of the United Nations Development Account (UNDA) project on “Developing the Capacities of the Arab Countries for Climate Change Adaptation by Applying IWRM Tools”. 

The rapid pace of advancement in information and communications technology (ICT) and the increasing ICT application possibilities in the economic, social and cultural fields are accompanied, on the one hand, by exacerbating technological risks concocted by hackers abusing the global transnational nature of the digital environment, therefore undermining the confidence of users in ICT and its applications.

In the broader context of economic governance in Arab countries, the paper aiming to build a sustainable and fair “competition culture”, testifies to the commitment of some Arab countries towards establishing better competition policies.

Economic integration is an important means to generate income and employment, to boost investment and to spur structural transformation toward more diversified and broad-based economic models. Services do not only satisfy domestic consumption and investment demands but are also exported and used as intermediate inputs and, through their vital impact on the productive efficiency of other sectors, services are a determining factor in a country’s  participation in international production networks. Coupled with the fact that the services sector tend to account for rather large and growing shares of output, employment, and foreign direct investment, services remain a key area in deeper regional economic integration efforts to reap sizable socio-economic benefits.