The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) introduced TOKTEN in 1977 in Turkey to help reduce adverse effects of the “Brain-Drain” phenomena or "reverse transfer of technology" in many developing countries. TOKTEN offers a window of opportunity for expatriate nationals with lengthy experiences in their fields of specialization to return to their home countries, for an agreed period of time and on voluntarily basis. TOKTEN modality is considered as an efficient development intervention as TOKTEN Experts can merge their acquired learning with their familiarity of local culture and language in order to effectively transfer their knowledge and skills.