Wars, armed conflicts and military occupation often lead to the deterioration of health, education, economic and social services, the suspension of development programs and the displacement of large numbers of civilians. Because of gender inequality, women suffer more than men from the effects of those conflicts. The problem is compounded by the lack of attention given to women's issues in the post-conflict phase, as attention is only focused on other issues that political leaders consider more urgent, such as reconstruction, benefit sharing and redistribution of power.

This paper estimates the fiscal multiplier for government expenditure in Egypt at the aggregate level and at the level of key expenditure items, with the aim of contributing to setting priorities for government spending and raising its efficiency, especially during this time of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The report addresses social exclusion in the Arab region by studying the situation of 3 social groups experiencing marginalization, poverty and exclusion in Egypt, Tunisia and Lebanon.