This paper sheds light on some of the underlying theories and fundamental elements of social justice. Specifically, it focuses on the principle of participation given its centrality to a number of tools that are conducive to the implementation of a social justice agenda. Tools covered include: (a) social policy, social protection and taxation systems; (b) inclusive economic growth; (c) participatory spatial planning; (d) socially responsible corporate behavior; and (e) communitarian ethics and civic engagement.

The paper also underlines certain key challenges faced in achieving social justice in Arab countries, particularly the challenges of integrating the social and economic dimensions of development and implementing governance reforms.