he study examines challenges of fiscal policy responses to public debt in the middle-income Arab countries and advocates that governments need to consider a well strategized debt-stabilizing framework that can be growth and fiscal sustainability enhancing. 

This report has attempted to estimate trade costs in an important first step to identify their magnitudes and roles in hindering trade growth and competitiveness, and crafting proposals to address them.

This guide reviews gender mainstreaming in institutional plans, policies and programmes, and highlights key steps taken with a view to integrating gender-related issues into programmes and activities of formal institutions. The guide underlines the fact that national machineries for women must be involved in the gender mainstreaming process, since those machineries play a key role at the national level in monitoring, implementing, evaluating and following up on all issues that impact women.

ESCWA developed a quantitative model and tool to assess the viability of pension systems and applied Tunisian data as a case study. The model results for Tunisia reveal that pension reforms have differentiated impacts in terms of growth, fiscal sustainability and intergenerational distribution. The user-friendly interface developed for the model allows policy makers to easily simulate any combination of reforms and observe their fiscal and economic effect on the country. The model and interface can be customized and applied to UNESWA member countries.